李亦何

《中华人民共和国政府和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府关于香港问题的联合声明》

      中华人民共和国政府和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府满意地回顾了近年来两国政府和两国人民之间的友好关系，一致认为通过协商妥善地解决历史上遗留下来的香港问题，有助于维持香港的繁荣与稳定，并有助于两国关系在新的基础上进一步巩固和发展，为此，经过两国政府代表团的会谈，同意声明如下：
一、中华人民共和国政府声明：收回香港地区（包括香港岛、九龙和“新界”，以下称香港）是全中国人民的共同愿望，中华人民共和国政府决定于1997年7月1日对香港恢复行使主权。
二、联合王国政府声明：联合王国政府于1997年7月1日将香港交还给中华人民共和国。
三、中华人民共和国政府声明，中华人民共和国对香港的基本方针政策如下：
（一）为了维护国家的统一和领土完整，并考虑到香港的历史和现实情况，中华人民共和国决定在对香港恢复行使主权时，根据中华人民共和国宪法第31条的规定，设立香港特别行政区。
（二）香港特别行政区直辖于中华人民共和国中央人民政府。除外交和国防事务属中央人民政府管理外，香港特别行政区享有高度的自治权。
（三）香港特别行政区享有行政管理权、立法权、独立的司法权和终审权。现行的法律基本不变。
（四）香港特别行政区政府由当地人组成。行政长官在当地通过选举或协商产生，由中央人民政府任命。主要官员由香港特别行政区行政长官提名，报中央人民政府任命。原在香港各政府部门任职的中外籍公务、警务人员可以留用。香港特别行政区各政府部门可以聘请英籍人士或其他外籍人士担任顾问或某些公职。
（五）香港的现行社会、经济制度不变；生活方式不变。香港特别行政区依法保障人身、言论、出版、集会、结社、旅行、迁徙、通信、罢工、选择职业和学术研究以及宗教信仰等各项权利和自由。私人财产、企业所有权、合法继承权以及外来投资均受法律保护。
（六）香港特别行政区将保持自由港和独立关税地区的地位。
（七）香港特别行政区将保持国际金融中心的地位，继续开放外汇、黄金、证券、期货等市场，资金进出自由。港币继续流通，自由兑换。
（八）香港特别行政区将保持财政独立。中央人民政府不向香港特别行政区征税。
（九）香港特别行政区可同联合王国和其他国家建立互利的经济关系。联合王国和其他国家在香港的经济利益将得到照顾。
（十）香港特别行政区可以“中国香港”的名义单独地同各国、各地区及有关国际组织保持和发展经济、文化关系，并签订有关协定。
香港特别行政区政府可自行签发出入香港的旅行证件。
（十一）香港特别行政区的社会治安由香港特别行政区政府负责维持。
（十二）关于中华人民共和国对香港的上述基本方针政策和本联合声明附件一对上述基本方针政策的具体说明，中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会将以中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法规定之，并在五十年内不变。
四、中华人民共和国政府和联合王国政府声明：自本联合声明生效之日起至1997年6月30日止的过渡时期内，联合王国政府负责香港的行政管理，以维护和保持香港的经济繁荣和社会稳定；对此，中华人民共和国政府将给予合作。
五、中华人民共和国政府和联合王国政府声明：为求本联合声明得以有效执行，并保证1997年政权的顺利交接，在本联合声明生效时成立中英联合联络小组；联合联络小组将根据本联合声明附件二的规定建立和履行职责。
六、中华人民共和国政府和联合王国政府声明：关于香港土地契约和其他有关事项，将根据本联合声明附件三的规定处理。
七、中华人民共和国政府和联合王国政府同意，上述各项声明和本联合声明的附件均将付诸实施。
八、本联合声明须经批准，并自互换批准书之日起生效。批准书应于1985年6月30日前在北京互换。本联合声明及其附件具有同等约束力。
1984年12月19日在北京签订，共两份，每份都用中文和英文写成，两种文本具有同等效力。


中华人民共和国政府
代表
赵紫阳


大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府
代表
玛格丽特·撒切尔

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26-5-2020 09:49

李亦何

Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong
The Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China have reviewed with satisfaction the friendly relations existing between the two Governments and peoples in recent years and agreed that a proper negotiated settlement of the question of Hong Kong, which is left over from the past, is conducive to the maintenance of the prosperity and stability of Hong Kong and to the further strengthening and development of the relations between the two countries on a new basis. To this end, they have, after talks between the delegations of the two Governments, agreed to declare as follows:

1. The Government of the People's Republic of China declares that to recover the Hong Kong area (including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories, hereinafter referred to as Hong Kong) is the common aspiration of the entire Chinese people, and that it has decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong with effect from 1 July 1997.

2. The Government of the United Kingdom declares that it will restore Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China with effect from 1 July 1997.

3. The Government of the People's Republic of China declares that the basic policies of the People's Republic of China regarding Hong Kong are as follows:

(1) Upholding national unity and territorial integrity and taking account of the history of Hong Kong and its realities, the People's Republic of China has decided to establish, in accordance with the provisions of Article 31 of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, a Hong Kong Special Administrative Region upon resuming the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong. (2) The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will be directly under the authority of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign and defence affairs which are the responsibilities of the Central People's Government.

(3) The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will be vested with executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. The laws currently in force in Hong Kong will remain basically unchanged.

(4) The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will be composed of local inhabitants. The chief executive will be appointed by the Central People's Government on the basis of the results of elections or consultations to be held locally. Principal officials will be nominated by the chief executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for appointment by the Central People's Government. Chinese and foreign nationals previously working in the public and police services in the government departments of Hong Kong may remain in employment. British and other foreign nationals may also be employed to serve as advisers or hold certain public posts in government departments of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

(5) The current social and economic systems in Hong Kong will remain unchanged, and so will the life-style. Rights and freedoms, including those of the person, of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of travel, of movement, of correspondence, of strike, of choice of occupation, of academic research and of religious belief will be ensured by law in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Private property, ownership of enterprises, legitimate right of inheritance and foreign investment will be protected by law.

(6) The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will retain the status of a free port and a separate customs territory.

(7) The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will retain the status of an international financial centre, and its markets for foreign exchange, gold, securities and futures will continue. There will be free flow of capital. The Hong Kong dollar will continue to circulate and remain freely convertible.

(8) The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will have independent finances. The Central People's Government will not levy taxes on the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

(9) The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may establish mutually beneficial economic relations with the United Kingdom and other countries, whose economic interests in Hong Kong will be given due regard.

(10) Using the name of 'Hong Kong, China', the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may on its own maintain and develop economic and cultural relations and conclude relevant agreements with states, regions and relevant international organisations.The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region may on its own issue travel documents for entry into and exit from Hong Kong.

(11) The maintenance of public order in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will be the responsibility of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

(12) The above-stated basic policies of the People's Republic of China regarding Hong Kong and the elaboration of them in Annex I to this Joint Declaration will be stipulated, in a Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, by the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China, and they will remain unchanged for 50 years.

4. The Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the People's Republic of China declare that, during the transitional period between the date of the entry into force of this Joint Declaration and 30 June 1997, the Government of the United Kingdom will be responsible for the administration of Hong Kong with the object of maintaining and preserving its economic prosperity and social stability; and that the Government of the People's Republic of China will give its cooperation in this connection.

5. The Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the People's Republic of China declare that, in order to ensure a smooth transfer of government in 1997, and with a view to the effective implementation of this Joint Declaration, a Sino-British Joint Liaison Group will be set up when this Joint Declaration enters into force; and that it will be established and will function in accordance with the provisions of Annex II to this Joint Declaration.

6. The Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the People's Republic of China declare that land leases in Hong Kong and other related matters will be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Annex III to this Joint Declaration.

7. The Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the People's Republic of China agree to implement the preceding declarations and the Annexes to this Joint Declaration.

8. This Joint Declaration is subject to ratification and shall enter into force on the date of the exchange of instruments of ratification, which shall take place in Beijing before 30 June 1985. This Joint Declaration and its Annexes shall be equally binding.

Done in duplicate at Beijing on 19 December 1984 in the English and Chinese languages, both texts being equally authentic.

李亦何

       1842年清政府在第一次鸦片战争中战败后，与英国签署了《南京条约》，将香港岛永久割让予英国。1860年清政府再次于第二次鸦片战争中战败，与英国签署《北京条约》，将九龙半岛永久割让予英国。1898年，清政府与英国于签订《展拓香港界址专条》，将香港新界及其二百多个岛屿，租借给英国，租期为99年，至1997年。自1898年至1997年香港主权移交之前的大部分时间，除香港日占时期外，新界、九龙半岛及香港岛均受到英国统治。

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南京条约签署

      在玛格丽特·撒切尔去信美国列根总统，游说其支持英国在《声明》上的立场时，强调过这份文件是“具国际约束力的协议”（internationally binding agreement）。伦敦在游说华府时亦引用字眼，指出这份文件是经过英国国会辩论审议、签署、再由英女王拍板，强调“具有国际法中的完整法律效力”（will make the Agreement carry the full legal force of International Law）。

而英国法律专家Martin Dinham认为，就中方如果威胁撕毁声明的情况，该文件有四点已确立的法律原则[14]：

条约是具约束力的，“约是立来遵守的”（Treaties are made to be kept），双方必须诚实履行；
而《联合声明》是没有终止规定的，没办法单方面终止；
     若违约者出现重大违约（material breach），才可触发另一方终止履行及悬置条约；
不合法推翻条约（unlawful repudiation），会导致对方不须再履行条文的责任，亦会让受损一方有权要求赔偿（reparations）。
签署